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411 words. Not so with the Navajo language. Major General Alexander Patch was ordered to take command of the Guadalcanal effort. B. , erected in 2020 on the museum’s grounds to honor the Native Americans who have served in the U.S. military. We were sure of it. John Pope, Union general in the American Civil War. My throat grew raw with talk. In 1942, 29 Navajo men joined the U.S. Marines and developed an unbreakable code that would be used across the Pacific during World War II. Willie (Navajo [Diné]) honors the Navajo Code Talkers who served during World War II. It used a machine to encode a written message. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. This was a talent long employed in Navajo culture—many working together to herd the sheep, plant the corn, bring in the harvest. During WWII, about 420 Navajos served as Code Talkers—the most from any Native group. GeoLiteracy . Roy Begay and I, now a radio team, had made it to the Guadalcanal beach alive, wading to shore among floating bodies. He looked around the room at each of us, the carefully selected Marine recruits of Platoon 382, and told us we were to use our native language to devise an unbreakable code. After finishing the alphabet code we devised nearly 220 terms for various concepts and diverse types of military equipment. Hundreds of American Indians joined the U.S. armed forces and used words from their traditional tribal languages to gain a tactical advantage. Where to begin? This bag by J.T. The code was 211 words- Navajo terms that were given new military meanings. “Seeing death come, on either side, was something I never forgot,” he says. MAPS Air Museum is finishing up a display on the Navajo Code Talkers, so expect more information on that soon. We finished off with the time and date again, then with either “gah, ne-ahs-jah,” the letters R and O, standing for “roger and out” or simply “ne-ahs-jah.”, None of us liked to think about it, but we had also planned a strategy in case we got captured. Hunt, signal officer under General Alexander Vandergrift. Years later, during World War II, Chester—and other Navajo men like him—was recruited by the US Marines to use the Navajo language to create an unbreakable military code. I squinted, rubbed my eyes, read the paper again. (Official Marine Corps Photo #83714). Fortunately, memorization was second nature for us. Several men guessed we’d be assigned desk work. Despite the efforts of boarding schools to repress it, Navajo oral tradition remained strong. The Navajo Code Talkers and their unbreakable code, 1942-1945 Navajo code talkers Cpl. This bag is in the collection of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian. But they were unaware that a new era of wartime communications had begun. The Marine Corps selected 29 Navajo men to develop a code based on the complex, unwritten Navajo language. So we talked about how animals lived and hunted, and did our best to link them up logically with a piece of military equipment. By then it was dark, and Hunt postponed the test. Exhausted, I took a sip of water from my canteen and translated the information into code. AbeBooks.com: Chester Nez and the Unbreakable Code: A Navajo Code Talker's Story (9780807500071) by Bruchac, Joseph and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at … The Navajo people call themselves the “Naabeeho´ Dine’é, or sometimes, Diné.” “Diné Bizaad” is the Navajo term for the Navajo language. It was our second day at Camp Elliott, near San Diego, our home for the next 13 weeks. We slapped each other on the back, and joked to let off steam, feeling good about our work. That first full day on Guadalcanal, after we passed Lieutenant Hunt’s test, runners began arriving with messages involving combat details to be sent to communications personnel, to the front lines, and to the rear echelon. 7. Every war combatant highly appreciated the need for an unbreakable code that would help them communicate while protecting their operational plans. Below are videos of USMC Navajo Code Talkers (see these videos and more via Youtube). Roy pressed the transmit button on the radio, and I positioned my microphone to repeat the information in our code. In 1971 the Navajo code talkers were awarded a certificate of appreciation by President Richard Nixon, for their patriotism, resourcefulness, and courage in battle. Philip Johnston was a WWI veteran who had heard about the successes of the Choctaw telephone squad. There they served food in addition to alcohol, so we could have a meal and a drink or two without getting sloppy. Suddenly the language he had been told to forget was needed to fight a war. “It was the luckiest day of my life,” Nez says. We’d dug our first combat foxhole and now sat in it, soggy and scared. After the Navajo code was developed, the Marine Corps established a Code Talking school. There was also a system that signified the twenty-six letters of English alphabet. Bruchac, Joseph. Suddenly the language he had been told to forget was needed to fight a war. The former chairman of the Navajo Nation recently sat down with VAntage Point staff to explain what made the “unbreakable” code so effective, and how it helped save lives and secure victory in the Pacific. We finally settled on “jackass,” code word tkele-cho-gi, and “zinc,” code word besh-do-tliz. “Dine Bizaad yee Nidaazbaa'igii: A Tribute to Our Navajo Code Talkers.” 2015. There was also a program to use Cherokee speakers. The Navajo language seemed to be the perfect option as a code because it is not written and very few people who aren’t of Navajo origin can speak it. Snaking our way to the mess tent on all fours, we ducked bullets and artillery shells. Visit the museum’s website for information about the National Native American Veterans Memorial, erected in 2020 on the museum’s grounds to honor the Native Americans who have served in the U.S. military. Willie), Diné (Navajo). It was good just to crank for a while, good not to worry about slipping, making a mistake that could cost lives. And the frequencies we used changed every day. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 5,000 articles originally published in our various magazines. Lieutenant Hunt was impressed. Even after Hunt’s test, American fighting men who overheard the Navajo messages continued to be alarmed. “Fighter plane” was represented by the quick and maneuverable hummingbird, da-he-tih-hi. National Archives photo “Without Navajo, Marines would never have taken the island of Iwo Jima,” he said. This allowed the then secret language of Navajo to be used in developing an unbreakable code(6). There was no dissension among us in that locked room. It was just too complicated. Raised on a Navajo reservation, he was one of a few outside of the tribe who spoke the language fluently. It was my first battlefield transmission in Navajo code. Along with being unbreakable, the Navajo code greatly reduced the time it took to transmit and receive secret messages. The message I held gave the coordinates of forward U.S. troop locations on the island. 400-plus men. How to use maps and other geographic representations, tools, and technologies to acquire, process, and report information It certainly contributed to the abilities required to be a code talker: learning quickly, memorizing, and working under extreme pressure. edition, in English ... Because John is afraid to leave the Navajo Reservation, his grandfather explains to him how the Navajo language, faith, and ingenuity helped win World War II. The idea of using Amerindian languages for military communications went back to World War I when Company D of the 141st Infantry Division utilized eight Choctaws to convey military orders by telephone. Those words would then be translated into Navajo, and the Navajo word would represent the English letter, creating a double encryption. Navajo code talkers transmit information on vital troop movements from just behind the frontlines on Bougainville, December 1943. Just then a spotter returned from locating a pocket of Japanese soldiers and artillery. Roy and I ran and crawled to a new position, knowing the Japanese were experts at targeting the locations from which messages had been sent. May 12, 2020 . The words for “medicine” and “mouth” are pronounced in the same way, but they are differentiated by tone. But the nature of our mission remained a mystery. My buddy Roy Begay sat on his bunk in the barracks, his blanket pulled tight like a drum, military style. Unbreakable: The Navajo Code Talkers Posted on October 24, 2016 Michael E. Haskew. A young boy, John, is upset because his mother has recently remarried, to a man from Minnesota. The Navajo men found it difficult to code in such stressful conditions. (illus. Chester Nez, photographed in Arizona during the war. “Heck, no. The impossible-seeming task suddenly looked possible. Peter MacDonald is one of the last remaining Navajo Code Talkers. These 29 #Navajo @USMC recruits were the first to be sworn in: The Unbreakable Code. “Men, you’ve done an excellent job.” He stopped, cleared his throat. It was Saturday, 3:30 in the afternoon, after a long week of code work. In the heat of battle, not one of us could afford to be rattled. The huge transport planes were represented as an eagle who carried prey, atsah. We never stayed on the radio a second longer than we had to. Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan Nixon, first lady to President Richard Nixon. If the enemy attacked that night, Roy and I had our equipment ready. “Chester Nez and the Unbreakable Code: A Navajo Code Talker’s Story.” Chicago, IL: Albert Whitman & Company, 2018. The code words must be clear when spoken on the radio. This became especially ticklish when our weapons were shooting behind the enemy and drawing them closer to the American troops at the front line. One veteran tells the story of creating the Navajo code and proving its worth on Guadalcanal. One unbreakable code. We knew that the strength of the group made us all sharp. Ironically enough, one of our staples was a bar of Fels-Naptha, the same brown laundry soap we’d had our teeth brushed with as punishment for speaking Navajo in boarding school. The Marine Corps selected 29 Navajo men to develop a code based on the complex, unwritten Navajo language. Oct 9, 2019 - November 6, 2008 - In the heat of battle, it is of the utmost importance that messages are delivered and received as quickly as possible. The Unbreakable Navajo Code November 13, 2020 JT Willie (J.T. Years later, during World War II, Chester—and other Navajo men like him—was recruited by the US Marines to use the Navajo language to create an unbreakable military code. Code talkers: The 'unbreakable' code Back to video The U.S. Marine Corps began its own program in 1941, primarily recruiting Navajo from the American Southwest. “Fighter pilots,” he said. He knew of our mission, but he had never worked with a group of Indians, and he had faith in the old code. Code talkers gave mortar crews, like this one on Guadalcanal in 1942, fast and accurate information on troop movements without tipping their hand to the Japanese. “I’m afraid we can’t afford to let you go. “Beh-na-ali-tsosie a-knah-as-donih ah-toh nish-na-jih-goh dah-di-kad ah-deel-tahi.” Enemy machine-gun nest on your right flank. The Japanese cracked every American combat code until an elite team of Marines joined the fight. When the Japanese broke Allied military codes used to protect operational plans in the Pacific theater during World War II, the U.S. Marines turned to the Navajo Nation for help. I looked across the beach, littered with broken and worn-out equipment of war. The Unbreakable Code by Sara Hoagland Hunter, 1996, Northland Pub. With a code that could keep military plans and movements secret, our country would outmaneuver the Japanese. That next morning Hunt continued with the trial, ordering his radiomen not to jam the transmissions. The Navajo men found it difficult to code in such stressful conditions. (National Archives). There was no room for error in a maneuver like that. There are also fine shades of meaning. Because John is afraid to leave the Navajo Reservation, his grandfather explains to him how the Navajo language, faith, and ingenuity helped win World War II. Out of the corner of one eye, I saw a flash of fire. This item: Chester Nez and the Unbreakable Code: A Navajo Code Talker's Story by Joseph Bruchac Hardcover $13.99. The military asked them to develop secret battle communications based on their languages—and America’s enemies never deciphered the coded messages they sent. Messages forwarded casualty numbers, the Navajo code keeping the Japanese from learning of American losses in each foray. I translated the data into Navajo code and spoke into the microphone that fit neatly into my fist like a baseball. It began on September 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. The code name chosen to represent the United States of America: Ne-he-mah, “our mother.”. We code talkers waved goodbye to our friends—some of whom were best buddies—and tried to prepare ourselves mentally to forge new bonds as the war continued. Peter MacDonald Sr. is one of the last remaining Navajo Code Talkers. That food was good,” Roy said around a mouthful of cold Spam. Edition Description. Stories were still told around the campfires at home, memorized, and told again and again. Pronunciation, too, is complex. Choctaw, for example, was successfully used during World War I. The officer wasted no time. “B” became “bear,” pronounced shush in Navajo. Read less. It is a But Chester refused to give up his heritage. 1943. Chester Nez and the Unbreakable Code A Navajo Code Talker's Story Book Review Flip-Through Self-ReadBook can be found here: https://amzn.to/2LEg1Z2 The Japanese, we were informed, had a well-earned confidence that they could decipher any code devised by the United States. I talked while Roy cranked. If the Japanese ever forced a code talker to send a message, he would alert the person on the receiving end by embedding in the message the Navajo words for “do or die.”. The Unbreakable Code: Navajo Code Talkers . One of our men, Gene Crawford, had been in the reserves and had worked with codes before. The Unbreakable Code by Sara Hoagland Hunter, 1996, Northland Pub. Messages reported on our own troop movements. The men firing all of these weapons dealt with a serious issue. Years later, during World War II, Chester—and other Navajo men like him—was recruited by the US Marines to use the Navajo language to create an unbreakable military code. We never stopped transmitting. We would not let our country or our fellow Marines down. I shook my head to clear it. I spoke clearly, carefully. After we’d been so severely punished as children for speaking it at boarding school? Two months ago, we had been among 200 young Navajo men recruited by the Marines to apply for a top-secret project. In battle, there would be no time to think: “C, cat. I don’t know why historians insist on separating them from the original 29. That’s moasi.” It had to be automatic, without a conscious thought process. The same note also reported the location of forward U.S. troops. Our classroom was unlocked, and we code talkers went out on maneuvers to test the code and to practice, practice, practice. After all, the selection process had involved our language skills with English and Navajo. A code talker was a person employed by the military during wartime to use a little-known language as a means of secret communication. I’d heard how the brass got all over the pilots’ butts when they almost bombed my 1st Marine Division. We 29 Marines had come up with a workable structure. While the men utilizing the Shackle code waited for the encoding machine to accomplish its work, one of our men transmitted the message to another code talker—in two and a half minutes. D. It is a sign language. “I felt like I was walking in a dream.” (Official Marine Corps Photo #83714). The unbreakable Navajo Code was a great success in the battles of WWII. The most difficult letters were J and Z. But Chester refused to give up his heritage. The encoded message was then sent via voice. Never before had I spoken so many words without a break. edition, in English ... Because John is afraid to leave the Navajo Reservation, his grandfather explains to him how the Navajo language, faith, and ingenuity helped win World War II. ... John asks what his grandfather means by that, and he says that the Navajo language is the unbreakable code. We focused. Although fresh from Camp Elliott, they proved as battle-ready as the original 29. “Dine Bizaad yee Nidaazbaa'igii: A Tribute to Our Navajo Code Talkers.” 2015. Every war combatant highly appreciated the need for an unbreakable code that would help them communicate while protecting their operational plans. I chuckled, and replied “Shush dzeh dzeh gah.”, “Good,” Roy said. For me, it was the original 32. We worked as one. artillery nailed them,” I said. John's grandfather is a Navajo code talker, and explains to his grandson, John, how the Navajo language, and creativity helped the United States win World War II. ( ) Roy and I traveled close to the mortars. The Navajo language proved to be an unbreakable military code that assisted Navy and Marine operations in the Pacific during World War II. On weekends, my group had to be back at barracks by around 7:30. Someone handed a slip of paper to me, bearing the exact Japanese location. The Code Talkers had to work hard to avoid Japanese fire during intense battles. Subjects All 17 pages of Navajo code had to be memorized, eliminating the need for coding machines to encrypt and decipher messages. A hand grenade was a potato, or nimasi. Chester Nez and the unbreakable code: A Navajo Code Talker’s Story 2018 — by Joseph Bruchac and Liz Amini-Holmes "As a boy, Chester Nez was taught his native language and culture were useless, but he was later called on to use his Navajo language to help create an unbreakable military code during WWII"--|cProvided by publisher James Madison, fourth President of the United States (1809-17). World War II. THE SECOND WORLD WAR World War II was a conflict that involved almost every part of the world during the years of 1939 through 1945. JT Willie (J.T. Description: In this lesson, students will learn the role Navajos played in winning World War II. Roy and I prepared to leave Guadalcanal along with the rest of the 1st Marine Division. Many of the sounds in Navajo are impossible for the unpracticed ear to distinguish. A new book from Bruchac, author of “Code Talker: A Novel About the Navajo Marines of WWII,” “Chester Nez and the Unbreakable Code” is a nonfiction version for a younger set. The popular idea was that a drunk Indian was a bad Indian. But a used code talker couldn’t be replaced by a new model off the factory floor. In 1971, the Navajo code talkers were awarded a certificate of appreciation by President Richard Nixon for their patriotism, resourcefulness, and courage in battle. “Chester Nez and the Unbreakable Code: A Navajo Code Talker’s Story.” Chicago, IL: Albert Whitman & Company, 2018. Chester Nez with Judith Schiess Avila February 2012. Before we code talkers arrived, some of the pilots had dropped their bombs as soon as they reached the island, hitting U.S. troops with friendly fire, then reversing course and flying back to their carrier. The Navajo code talkers created an unbreakable code that helped U.S. forces win the Pacific war. Japan was “slant-eye,” beh-na-ali-tsosie. Now.”. GeoHistory . He locked the door as he left, telling us we’d be released at the end of the day to get dinner. The unbreakable code This edition was published in 1996 by Northland Pub. In 1971, the Navajo code talkers were awarded a certificate of appreciation by President Richard Nixon for their patriotism, resourcefulness, and courage in battle. The windows of our classroom were protected by security bars. The hilly terrain on Guadalcanal posed real problems for the men operating mortars and artillery. We took our new job seriously and always returned on time, and we never got so drunk that we had to be brought to the base by other Marines. We asked for three Navajo-speaking military men to help us. And the message was transmitted accurately, word for word. These encoded messages were a jumble of numbers and letters, and unlike the Navajo code, were meaningless to the person transmitting them. For example, dah-he-tih-hi was the Navajo word for hummingbird. Learn more about Native American Code Talkers at the museum’s education site and at Google Arts and Culture. Read less. We had earned staunch allies. A peek into our collections, one object at a time. Smithsonian Snapshot A peek into our collections, one object at a time. We tried to ignore cramped muscles, gnawing stomachs, and the ordnance exploding around us. Messages transmitted the locations of enemy troops to U.S. artillerymen. An Unbreakable Code We became living code machines. More than 24 hours passed before we were able to grab a few hours of sleep. Whereas toh-at (between waters) meant Britain. Roy and I grabbed the radio, the size of a 30-pound shoebox. Chester Nez and the Unbreakable Code: a Navajo Talker’s StoryWritten by Joseph Bruchac, illustrated by Liz Amini-Holmes Publisher's Summary:As a boy, Chester Nez was taught his native language and culture were useless, but he was later called on to use his Navajo language to help create an unbreakable military code during WWII. They were the Navajo Code Talkers. As a boy, Chester Nez was taught his native language and culture were useless, but he was later called on to use his Navajo language to help create an unbreakable military code during WWII. Lesson Plan Content. After viewing a demonstration of messages sent in the Navajo language, the Marine Corps was so impressed that they recruited 29 Navajos in two weeks to develop a code within their language. Sand and shrapnel kicked up into the heavy gray sky. Occasionally, I looked over at Roy, who tirelessly carried and cranked the radio. A. The 2nd Marine Division still needs you men here.”. A continuous barrage of shells from those Japanese guns wrought heavy damage on our men. Henry Bake, Jr. and PFC George H. Kirk transmit messages during combat on Bougainville. “C” was “cat,” or moasi. We moved to a position close to a Japanese nest of 80mm machine guns. A smile lit up his face.“Let’s find the other guys and get some shush dzeh dzeh gah. “U.S. 2018 — by Joseph Bruchac and Liz Amini-Holmes "As a boy, Chester Nez was taught his native language and culture were useless, but he was later called on to use his Navajo language to help create an unbreakable military code during WWII"--|cProvided by publisher. I wiped my brow with a sleeve but never stopped talking. “Not too bad.”. As they drew closer, we continued to fire behind them, moving both our fire and the Japanese troops closer and closer to our own troops. That was just the way it was. Suddenly the language he had been told to forget was needed to fight a war. Joseph is the author of over 130 books for young readers and adults, including Code Talker: A Novel About the Navajo Marines of World War Two. If a soldier was shot right beside us, we had been warned not to stop and help. Each of us had been issued three hand grenades, a small packet of bullets, dextrose and salt tablets, sulfa (the precursor of penicillin) in case we got shot, a field dressing, and K rations. c. The Navajo Code Talkers were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. Description: In this lesson, students will learn the role Navajos played in winning World War II. He grinned at me as I sprawled on the adjacent bunk. We often wound up at a favorite watering hole, a sort of enlisted men’s club on base we called The Slop Chute. Which of these BEST describes what Grandfather thought kept him alive during the war? Although not used extensively, the WWI telephone squads played a key role in helping the U.S. Army win several battles in France that brought about the end of the war. Liz Amini-Holmes). … “Sure did,” Roy grinned, but didn’t stop cranking the radio. GeoHistory . The work of Nez and the other code talkers improved artillery accuracy, though the sight of enemy dead, like these at the Battle of the Tenaru in August 1942, haunted them. Bullets zipping around us kept the level of noise high but that didn’t keep us from hearing incoming messages. Heavy silence settled over us. The Unbreakable Code: Navajo Code Talkers Author Patricia Hutchinson Grade Level 3 Duration 3 class periods National Standards AZ Standards Arizona Social Science Standards GEOGRAPHY Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms 1. Back of the book includes excellent examples of the code so readers can better visualize how it worked. Throughout the days of battle to come, we sent those numbers back to our commanders on the ships each night. Legacy . The U.S. Marines knew where to find one: the Navajo Nation. Liz Amini-Holmes). We men, barely off the reservation, were not familiar with military terms. Another spotter arrived. We’d made good friends on the battlefield, where everyone depends on his buddies. Below, in his final interview, WWII Marine Chester Nez reflected on his place in history. And in combat, the code would only be as strong as the teams using it to send and receive. John's grandfather explains to him the story of the unbreakable code from WW2. In May 1942 the first 29 Navajo Code Talkers were recruited. Themes. One veteran tells the story of creating the Navajo code and proving its worth on Guadalcanal. Navajo - The Unbreakable Code. Chester Nez and the Unbreakable Code: A Navajo Code Talker's Story is a children's picture book written by Joseph Bruchac and illustrated by Liz Amini-Holmes. Navajo bears little resemblance to English. The military asked them to develop secret battle communications based on their languages—and America’s enemies never deciphered the coded messages they sent. I shouted, “You see that?”. The Unbreakable Code by: Sara Hoagland Hunter illustrations: Julia Miner ... boot camp then all the Navajo's were bused to a different camp where they were locked up in a room and using the navajo language to make a code that the Japanese would not be able to … Choctaw, for example, was used during World War I. Forced to attend a missionary boarding school, Betoli was forbidden to speak Navajo and given the English name Chester. A. A code based on the Navajo language? Sometimes we used non-animal items to represent certain things. This bag is in the collection of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian. The Navajo code talkers created an unbreakable code that helped U.S. forces win the Pacific war. (illus. The Code Talkers cut the time to send and receive one message from minutes to seconds. No one had heard it for a hundred years. But directly after the transmission began, panicked calls came in. During World War II, the Marine Corps used one of the thousands of languages spoken in the world to create an unbreakable code: Navajo. An Unbreakable Code. Subjects American planes were scheduled to drop bombs ahead of the American line. Even after three weeks, they covddn't begin to translate the words! Now we code talkers were utilized, relaying coordinates that would be forwarded to the pilots, making sure that they knew the locations of their own troops. The Marine Corps recruited Navajo Code Talkers in 1941 and 1942. Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, African Art, Assistant Secretary for Communications and External Affairs. At the mess we grabbed some cold food and ate ravenously. The unbreakable Navajo Code was a great success in the battles of WWII. Code Talkers used native languages to send military messages before World War II. Marksmen had to clear the hills—and the heads of our own troops—while drawing an accurate bead on the enemy. Chester Nez and the Unbreakable Code: A Navajo Code Talker's Story is a children's picture book written by Joseph Bruchac and illustrated by Liz Amini-Holmes. When a Navajo asks whether you speak his language, he uses these words: “Do you hear Navajo?” Words must be heard before they can be spoken. My group of code talkers was assigned to just such a doubter in the 1st Marine Division: Lieutenant Sanford B. “A” became “red ant”—not the English word for ant, but the Navajo word, pronounced wol-la-chee. We got ourselves squared away. Other American code breakers recorded some of the Navajos' radio messages and tried to break their code. Bowfin Museum. Relief. Official word had come. Roy lay flat out on the ground. I’ll never forget it. GeoLiteracy . b. Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian. “Code Talkers,” as they came to be known after WWII, are 20th-century American Indian warriors and heroes who significantly aided the victories of the U.S. and its allies. Thin red and yellow cords attached the microphone and headsets to the radio. The 29 of us followed a Marine officer with a no-nonsense gait into a classroom building. It is a He ducked down next to me to hand me a message. Navajo code talkers - Navajo men who created a code based on their complex and unwritten language - provided a strategic advantage to Allied forces in … ✯. Sweat streamed down my back. To identify ourselves as U.S. troops, and to keep our transmissions from being jammed, we initiated our messages with the words “New Mexico” or “Arizona,” followed by the date and time in Navajo. But at the last minute, a lieutenant pulled 10 of us code talkers aside, Roy and me among them. The Navajo language seemed to be the perfect option as a code because it is not written and very few people who aren’t of Navajo origin can speak it. As I viewed this small victory—a direct result of my transmission—the wet, the fear, the danger, all receded for a few seconds. Suddenly, just after my message was received, the Japanese guns exploded, destroyed by American artillery. Messages told of something unexpected that had happened in battle. Messages swam in my brain, jamming and tumbling over one another. Th Unbreakable code is a captivating story of the unbreakable code of the Navajo language during World War II.

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